Acid Reflux
Overview
Acid reflux occurs when stomach acid flows backward into the oesophagus, the tube connecting the mouth and stomach. This can irritate the lining of the oesophagus and lead to symptoms such as heartburn, chest discomfort, or a sour taste in the mouth.
Some people experience reflux occasionally, while others develop more persistent symptoms known as gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Symptoms may worsen after meals, when lying down, or with certain foods and lifestyle factors.
With proper assessment and management, many people are able to control symptoms effectively and reduce irritation over time.
Symptoms
Symptoms of acid reflux can vary in severity. You may experience:
- Burning discomfort in the chest (heartburn)
- Sour or acidic taste in the mouth
- Stomach discomfort or bloating
- Difficulty swallowing
- Chronic cough or throat irritation
- Symptoms worsening after meals or when lying down
Some people may also notice hoarseness or interrupted sleep due to symptoms.
Causes & Risk Factors
Acid reflux develops when the barrier between the stomach and oesophagus becomes weaker or relaxed. You may be at higher risk if you:
- Eat large or late meals
- Are overweight
- Smoke or consume alcohol frequently
- Consume foods that trigger symptoms
- Have certain digestive conditions or pregnancy-related pressure changes
These factors can increase pressure on the stomach or irritate the digestive tract.
When to Seek Care
You should seek medical advice if you:
- Have frequent heartburn or chest discomfort
- Experience symptoms several times a week
- Notice difficulty swallowing
- Develop persistent cough or throat irritation
- Have symptoms affecting sleep or daily activities
Emergency Symptoms
Seek immediate medical care if you experience:
- Severe chest pain
- Difficulty swallowing with worsening symptoms
- Vomiting blood or passing black stools
- Sudden severe abdominal pain
- Rapid worsening of symptoms
Prevention
You can help reduce reflux symptoms by:
- Avoiding heavy meals before lying down
- Managing weight where appropriate
- Reducing trigger foods and alcohol intake
- Avoiding smoking
- Eating balanced meals and maintaining regular meal timing
Diagnostics Used
To assess acid reflux or GERD, your care team may use:
Support Services
Managing reflux focuses on symptom control and preventing irritation of the digestive tract. You may benefit from:
- Medication and symptom management
- Nutritional and lifestyle guidance
- Monitoring and follow-up care
- Referral for specialist evaluation where needed
This approach helps improve comfort and long-term digestive health.